Bromination of Benzene Synthesis and Purification of...

BROMINATION OF BENZENE SYNTHESIS AND PURIFICATION OF BROMOBENZENE: PROCEDURE DATA TABLE Chemicalnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Boiling point Cnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Melting Point Cnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Density g/mLnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Solubility Benzenenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;80.1nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;5.5nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;0.88nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Slightly in H2O Toluenenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;110.6nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-93nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;0.87nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Slightly in H2O†¦show more content†¦Synthesis of Bromobenzene: Set up a reflux and place in a cold-water bath. In addition to setting up the reflux apparatus, set up an inverted funnel gas trap. This will collect the hydrogen bromide gas in the water and not in our lungs when the reflux takes place. Pour 2.3 mL of benzene in the round bottom flask of the reflux apparatus. After this, pour the iron (III) bromide (FeBr3) into the same round bottom flask. If there is a vigorous initial reaction, wait until this has almost stopped and then heat the water bath to a temperature of 25-30O C to initiate the reflux. Reflux at this temperature for an hour. After an hour has passed, raise the temperature of the water to 65-70O C, and allow refluxing for about 45 minutes. At this point, the color of the liquid should be dark. At this point, the reaction between the benzene and the bromide molecules should be complete. Purification of Bromobenzene: Transfer this liquid to a separatory funnel, and shake and vent with a 10% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The lower layer should be the bromobenzene layer. Drain this layer out into a beaker. Add water to the liquids in the separatory funnel, and again shake and vent to ensure the absence of bromide. Drain if necessary. After the extraction, the bromobenzene solution needs to be dried. Again, put anhydrous calcium chloride into a beaker with the bromobenzene and shake. Set aside for about 30 minutes. Decant this solution, and filter this

Everybody Knows Big Porn Is Destroying Relationships Essay

Pornography is defined as the representation in books, magazines, photographs, films, and other media of scenes of sexual behaviour that are erotic or lewd and are designed to arouse sexual interest (Legal Dictionary, 2014). In 2002, the adult film industry accumulated an average 3.9 billion dollar profit, and this figure has almost tripled since (Forbes Magazine, 2002). Pornography is misconceived within society as a violent and demoralising form of adult entertainment, and can be perceived as a negative pot-stirrer for relationships. Whether or not it destroys relationships is an opinionated question. Regardless, the porn industry does have a proven negative impact on relationship commitment, of bedroom expectations and body image, and†¦show more content†¦The problem that arises from digital sensualisation is that people begin converse more with technology, than they do with human peers. Surprisingly, nothing is said about gay male porn, lesbian porn, alternative porn, po rn made by women—which, together, constitute a sizeable share of the market (Weitzer, R, 2011) and helps to decrease the perception that porn a â€Å"men-only†industry. Josh Segal, for Playboy (2014) describes this crisis as ‘digital isolation, not porn addiction,’ explaining that individuals become accustomed to online communication, rather than interpersonal conversation with another. Ian Kerner, creater of goodinbed.com defines this behaviour as ‘Sexual Attention Defecit Disorder’. Guys with SADD have become so accustomed to the high levels of visual novelty and stimulation that comes from internet porn that theyre unable to focus on real sex with a real woman, Kerner has explained (2014). Women partake in pornography under the ideology that porn is a fantasy for others, but this is not to say all pornography is fake, as human nature will act due course. To claim that all or most women in porn are devoid of agency, that they derive no plea-sure during the sex acts, and that â€Å"body-punishing† sex is pervasive in porn are simply unsupported assertions (Weitzer, R, 2011). Heidi Reeder Ph.D. for Psychology Today (2014),

Cooked Essay Free Essays

string(95) " he is a little Hard Head he has been taught how to steal by his grandfather \(Henderson 13\)\." In the movie named The Smell of Coriander, I find a touching story about a man who realizes his profound redemption from the punishment. Waking up early, having a heartily prepared meal, dressing up and being picked up to the company by a private driver is the beginning of a normal working day of Thanh who is a successful middle aged investor in real estate and stock market in Viet Nam. He is also the CEO of the trading center naming Sky. We will write a custom essay sample on Cooked Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many people look at his successes and his happy family with the jealousness. But behind his current clean, perfect profile is an ashamed background in which he appears as a true, heartless betrayer. Thanh was a talented, handsome man in a small village besides a mildly flowing river. His superficial youth led him to the pregnancy of Hoa, his girlfriend. They were really in love with each other, and they were planning for a wedding by themselves. A month after the pregnancy of Hoa, Thanh was accepted to an illustrious university. He was a smart and ambitious man, so he wanted to follow the call of a promising life which would change his life totally if he took the chance. Obviously his girlfriend became a burden for his own career. Thanh knew that she would not let him go unless he would take her with him. He decided to leave Hoa in secret and pursued his dream. When Hoa realized that his boyfriend has left, she was drastically shocked, but she still wanted to keep the child. As a part of Asian culture, having a child without the husband is a considerable shame for a family, so Thanh left her family and born the child in a motel; then, she gave him to a poor family in another village. She could not admit the truth that his boyfriend had left her, so she committed a suicide in the hopelessness and the severe hurt. After graduating from the university, Thanh got married with a wealthy and powerful woman and began his own career, while his forlorn son, Huy, tried to overcome every single complication to go to school and to survive. Huy was as smart as his father. He always appeared as an outstanding student at school, so he got a scholarship to study business in a university. Ironically, that scholarship was sponsored by his unknown father’s corporation. Huy somehow knew about his mother’s death and his betraying father from the poor family in which he was adopted. He grows the revenge toward his father. He swore that he will destroy his father’s current successes and be a big man in his father’s fields. Thanh kept moving on in his profession without the redemption of the past; he even did not care if he had a child. With him, money was everything. While he thought that nobody could stop him in controlling the market, a small company was established and tried to contract a project that the Sky of Thanh was also aiming at. The manager of the small company was Huy, he won the project from his crafty father. Since then, thing began to change, Sky fell down in the market and Thanh lost his CEO position and his pride when the press discovered his past. His wife divorced him. He finally found himself and his own redemption when he lost everything. He lived by himself and thought of what he had done. He realized that he was totally controlled by money. He had never had the feeling of peace since he knew about the death of his death’s girlfriend. Two year later, Huy came and let his father know that he would forgive his past. Thanh finally felt he was back to his life with a recovered heart. Similarly, Jeff Henderson in Cooked falls from the most insane richness into the prison to find out the redemption. The cause of JH’s Fall are the concupiscence, misguided success, and denial. However, the Fall is the beginning of a powerful recovery and redemption. His amazing adventure from the forgettable past is inspired by the imprisonment, the will to study and the resolution of to renew his own life. Concupiscence is one of the causes of JH’s Fall. According to McMahon’s blog Breakthrough Write, concupiscence is defined as the search for happiness based on gratifying pleasure and ego without a moral compass. Slowly going over JH’s life, we can easily symbolize him as the man of concupiscence. First, he gives himself a very reasonable, magnanimous ground which defends that he is pulling his family out of the poverty. Then, things begin to change when he has made so much easy money. With him, money never has the definition of adequateness. JH admits â€Å"he had eights car, each one worth more than $30,000, and it still wasn’t enough† (64). Crack dealing in Hard Head’s eyes is not illegal. He considers himself as a â€Å"businessman† while his job is killing hundreds of people consuming his drug. His so called â€Å"business† brings him a lot of money quickly enough for his awareness of value and labor to disappear. We need to make it clear between the self interest and the concupiscence in JH. More exactly, the positive self interest no longer exists in this man. The concupiscence controls JH in every step he makes when he is an immoral crack dealer. JH tries to satisfy his appetites in many unreasonably spending situations; in fact, his irrational expenditure just makes his demand of money go higher. It also means he is willing to trade more in his crazy so called business. He is a talented man in his business. Unfortunately, he easily lets himself follow the flow of the concupiscence, and the result of his irresponsible acts is the out of control life. Besides the concupiscence, misguided success is also the reason that partly creates the Fall of JH. When he is a little Hard Head he has been taught how to steal by his grandfather (Henderson 13). You read "Cooked Essay" in category "Essay examples" And one more time, he categorizes his grandfather’s stealing into the knightly acts. He says that â€Å"his grandfather was kind of like Robin Hood† (15). He slowly masters the stealing skills which he compliments about it as a proud achievement. We feel sorry for him because he is so deficient in the care of family although he still has father and mother. In fact, he has never lives in the really happy and safe childhood which every kid needs to have. T Row can be considered as the most influential element in forming JH’s characteristics and personality. T has the PhDs in game and he is extremely admired by JH. T is the replacement figure of JH’s ideal father with the weird ridiculous â€Å"homie love†. Like father like son, JH finally graduates from the â€Å"crack dealing institution† of T Row when T is sent to prison. In the book named Freakonomics, the economists discovering the hidden side of facts make a stunning conclusion that drug dealers still live with their moms! (Levitt and Dubner 103). According to their calculation, the foot soldiers like JH earn just $3. 30 an hour, less than the minimum wage (Levitt and Dubner 103). That is the reason why JH wants to go his own way. JH desires to become a new professor in the game that T Row is playing which means he will keep moving forward in his criminal activities. Educational misdirection leads Hard Head to the most serious Fall in his life, but he refuse to accept the truth that he is falling down from his insane wealth. He builds himself a thick, stable, undestroyable wall to protect his foolish criminal pride from the warning of his sister Cali Sim and family. He is absolutely insane about his success and tries to exaggerate its value by showing he is not about violence, taking drug or hanging out with gang bangers. He denies the fact that his drug dealing is extreme harmful and mortal. In practice, the victims of his business can be abandoned and addicted babies, neglected children, strung-out fathers, battered mothers, or an addicted young man in a car accident†¦ JH might not know that ninety percent of sentenced crack dealing cases in federal level are black, and he will be one of them (Brown). There is no doubt that JH is living in the illusion of insanity which means he is convinced that there is no truth and he is absolutely â€Å"untouchable†. He denies the wakening of his conscience because he is so under the spell of his virtual success and wealth. Being imprisoned is the best way to stop Jeff Henderson’s Fall. This Hard Head is like a bungee guy who has just jumped out of a bridge. He closes his eyes and enjoys the excitement of a free drop. He will never know where the stopping point is if his face is not slapped by the cool, pure and fresh surface of the river. The imprisonment plays a role as this river. It wakes JH up, holds his head and shakes it up. At last, he realizes that he has reached the bottom. Like a bungee jump, the end of the Fall is the beginning of a recovery. In prison, JH experience many unique things which essentially turn him into a new man. He finally knows that he is also vulnerable and helpless when he is striped in front of Fed officers (76). The feelings of weakness and lonesome make him keep praying to Jesus. We cannot imagine that Hard Head will cry in hopeless and regret. Crying will not help him out of the detention room, but crying shows us that there is something which stays deep inside this man’s soul is trying to pull him back with the real life. He painfully realizes how toxic his job was when he unintentionally witnesses a prisoner is dying because of a balloon of heroin (115). The fear of himself and his mortal job is rising day by day. The man with the PhD in the game now fully learns the most basic lesson: how far people would go to get high (Henderson 115). His philosophy of life changes to Nihilism which indicates a life without purposes, meaning and intrinsic value. This can be the most dangerous thing for his return because a man living in Nihilism is not different from a man without a soul and mind. It directly ruins his owns life and put a huge bold period for everything. But as we mentioned earlier, JH has PhD in the game, and when he truly finishes the course he is going to come back. Being imprisoned has recalled in JH the will of study. The hurting nineteen and half years punishment turns Anderson in to a totally new man. He learns how to read and to listen. He loses the passion for marriage and love. Instead, he concentrates on cooking; he wants to be a chef. He finally finds the passion which deserves to be pursued. Struggling with a dangerous life in prison helps JH horn his skill in confronting the problems. He is willing to work at the lowest position such as pot and pan room (Henderson 132) to get a change of promotion (Henderson 132). He built up for himself a strong endurance which supports him a lot in winning the popularity in prison and even after being released. He reads more; sometimes, he wondering if the black is dominated by the white. This thought never has a bad influence on him; in fact, it pushes him to study harder, to earn the respects from the people in his life. A determined goal and a resolution to be successful make JH stronger than ever. After the years renewing and training in prison, the fear still follows him like a ghost. His fear is undetermined; he calls it the â€Å"unknown† (Henderson 176). We might wonder if this Hard Head will return to his familiar path of his forgettable past, but we have to admit that his mind is refreshed and his skill day by day becomes more perfect. He is the person who truly knows the real value of cooking. In his point of view, cooking is not only an occupation but also the art of making food and the passion of facing new challenges. In the Cooked, there are at least four times JH move to a new location to pursue his cooking career. His efforts are paid by the prize Las Vegas Buffet Chef of the Year (Henderson 254). In that touching moment, nobody sees in him the figure of the past crack dealer but an impressive returning of a guilty soul. When a door is closed, there is always another door open. With JH, the door of the prison is closed behind him, and now he is opening the door which leads him to the world of the most famous chefs. JH would never have the feeling of real success and complete recovery if he had not been stopped by the Fed. His Fall is the result of concupiscence, the misguided success and the denial. Luckily, his life is saved by the imprisonment, his will of study and the resolution of renewing his life. It does not matter if we are black or white. We always have a chance to make a turning point for our life because â€Å"nobody pulled a gun on you to make you commit the crime; you made the choice† (Henderson 171). Works Cited Brown, Joseph H. â€Å"A pointless lament for crack dealer. † Headway 9. 10 (1997) Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. El Camino Coll Lib. , Torrance, CA. 22 Sep, 2009. Henderson, Jeff. Cooked. New York Times Bestseller, 2007. Levitt, Steven and Dubner, Stephen. Freakonomics. New York Times Bestseller, 2005. McMahon, Jeff. â€Å"1A Lesson #1 for Cooked†. Herculodge. typepad. com. July, 2009. El Camino Coll Lib. , Torrance, CA. 22 Sep, 2009. How to cite Cooked Essay, Essays

Operant Conditioning Paper free essay sample

The following study examines the theory of operant conditioning, positive and, negative reinforcements, effectiveness, a real-world application of operant conditioning, and an applicable reinforcement schedule. Theory of Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a form of learning that exists within the science of psychology and is one of two types of conditioning, the other, classical conditioning. Operant conditioning teaches an organism to respond by thinking, learning, or reacting to a stimulus (Olson amp; Hergenhahn, 2009). Whether training an animal to respond to a command, or training a child to behave in a manner conducive to a parent’s wishes, the application of operant conditioning influences continuation or discontinuation of a response. The theory of operant conditioning operates on reinforcements, which strengthens or increases behavior, generally in the form of rewards or punishments (Olson amp; Hergenhahn, 2009). Reinforcement Comparisons and Contrasts Reinforcements strengthen the likelihood of reoccurrence of a response and are either positive or negative. We will write a custom essay sample on Operant Conditioning Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a component of the process of learning, reinforcements influence response rate and strength. Positive reinforcement adds to, whereas negative or, punitive reinforcement diminish and remove (Olson amp; Hergenhahn, 2009). Negative and positive reinforcement both seek to increase a response. Positive reinforcement increases the probability that a response will occur again, whereas a negative reinforcement increases the probability that a response will not occur again. Positive Reinforcement Positive reinforcement increases a favorable response. For example, a mother places a smiley face on the child’s mirror each time he or she completes his or her homework. The behavior is completing homework. The positive reinforcement is a smiley face. Negative Reinforcement Negative reinforcement removes a negative response the result of negative behavior (Olson amp; Hergenhahn, 2009). For example, a child performs a disobedient act by jumping on the bed. The parent gives a disapproving look. Refraining from disobedient behavior (jumping on the bed) produces the negative reinforcement, removal of the disapproving look. Effectiveness of Reinforcement Balancing positive and negative reinforcement results in a higher probability of the sought-after response. Nevertheless positive reinforcement according to Skinner is more effective than negative reinforcement when application is intermittent (Skinner, 1953). For example, a child learning that praise follows good behavior desires to receive praise and thus works toward that end not knowing when the praise will occur. Rewarding good behavior unexpectedly decreases the development of habituation. An Application of Operant Conditioning Applying disciplinary measures to children provides a real-world application of operant conditioning. For example, the objective is to teach a child the lesson of fair play. During playtime a child refuses to share his or her toys. Applying positive reinforcement may include making a game out of exchanging toys with the other children as the child watches. Engaging the other children with laughter and animation may spark interest with the child who is experiencing difficulty sharing. Teaching a child using this strategy however, requires developing a reinforcement schedule that will allow the child to gradually acclimate. Reinforcement Schedule Reinforcement schedules may be continual or partial. The partial reinforcement schedule consists of fixed or variable-ratio schedules, or fixed or variable-interval schedules. The type of schedule one selects is contingent upon the nature or the situation (Skinner, 1953). The above example might require continuous reinforcement initially while gradually moving to partial reinforcement and a fixed ratio or fixed interval schedule. The selection of a schedule will be contingent upon the situation and the in this case the personality of the child. In review, operant conditioning is a learning process by which the behavior of animals and humans receive influence through reward and punishment (Skinner, 1953). Strengthening behavior occurs through reinforcement, which has the propensity to either increase or decrease the occurrence or reoccurrence of the response.